There has been considerable interest in understanding the evolutionary and biogeographical processes that have shaped species diversity and composition in this region. The region at the boundary of the Indian and Pacific oceans represents a large marine biodiversity hotspot, housing a rich diversity of shallow-water marine and reef species. The assembly of diverse species communities in marine biodiversity hotspots has provided insights into the evolution of marine species and ecosystems. Geographical regions that contain a rich taxonomic diversity, across multiple taxonomically distant groups, with many endemic species are known as biodiversity hotspots. This repository includes all fossil records gathered from the literature and the Hubbell collection, aligned sequences, sequence partitions, ML tree with bootstrap values, individual calibrated phylogenetic trees from implementation of TreePL, summary data on node ages from each individual calibrated trees (both in total and with outliers removed), baseml control file, MCMCTree control file, MCMCTree calibration tree, calibrated phylogenetic tree based on multiple node calibration points, convergence plot for calibrated phylogenies, biogeographic model comparisons, ancestral range estimations, fossil data and node associations, node definition table, and range data for extant species. Raw data is available from the figshare data repository 10.6084/m9.figshare.12595169. Fossil data was obtained from the primary literature or from accession data from the Gordon Hubbell collection with permission. No public or private databases were used in this study to obtain fossil data sequence data was obtained from. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Īssociated Data Data Availability Statement If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The non-invasive method of mark-recapture has so far only been successfully adopted for Whale sharks, White sharks ( Carcharodon carcharias), Nurse sharks ( Ginglymostoma cirratum), and with some success on Basking sharks ( Cetorhinus maximus).Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Traditional methods of identification and tracking involve shark tagging, which is extremely invasive and highly stressful for sharks, and can also result in injuries to the sharks. Anyone can submit sighting data and photos to Wildbook to help with shark research. This dataset is assumed to not fully represent female, small juvenile or adult sharks. As of February 2016, there were 7,011 individual sharks on the Whale shark global database, however the majority of these were considered to be immature males based on sizes. Individual sharks can be identified by using photos of skin patterns behind the gills of each shark and any scars. Wildbook for Sharks is an online photographic identification tool on, which is maintained and used by marine biologists to analyze shark sightings data.
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